Computer Methods in Science 🖥️: April 2025

Friday, April 4, 2025

Basic Comparison of C++ and HTML/JavaScript

Here’s a basic comparison of C++ and HTML/JavaScript for common programming concepts and simple code examples for each. This will help you understand the difference in syntax, structure, and execution logic between the two environments.

📌 1. Program Structure

Concept	C++	HTML/JavaScript
Type	Compiled, strongly typed	Interpreted, weakly typed
Entry Point	`main()` function	HTML loads, JS runs on events/load
Use Case	System software, algorithms	Web development, interactivity

C++ Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello from C++!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

HTML/JavaScript Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
  <p id="demo">Hello from HTML!</p>
  <script>
    document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML += " And JavaScript!";
  </script>
</body>
</html>

📌 2. Variables and Data Types

Feature	C++	JavaScript
Declaration	Requires type (`int`, `float`)	`var`, `let`, or `const`
Type System	Statically typed	Dynamically typed

C++ Example

int age = 25;
float height = 5.9;

JavaScript Example

let age = 25;
let height = 5.9;

📌 3. Conditionals

C++ Example

int number = 10;
if (number > 5) {
    cout << "Greater than 5" << endl;
}

JavaScript Example

let number = 10;
if (number > 5) {
    console.log("Greater than 5");
}

📌 4. Loops

C++ Example

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    cout << i << endl;
}

JavaScript Example

for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    console.log(i);
}

📌 5. Functions

C++ Example

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

JavaScript Example

function add(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

📌 6. User Interaction (Input/Output)

C++ Example (Console)

int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;

HTML/JavaScript Example (Web Page)

<input type="text" id="ageInput" placeholder="Enter your age">
<button onclick="getAge()">Submit</button>
<p id="output"></p>

<script>
  function getAge() {
    let age = document.getElementById("ageInput").value;
    document.getElementById("output").innerText = "Your age is " + age;
  }
</script>

📌 7. Comments

C++ Example

// This is a single-line comment
/* This is a 
   multi-line comment */

JavaScript Example

// This is a single-line comment
/* This is a 
   multi-line comment */

Summary

Feature	C++	HTML/JavaScript
Used for	Backend/system apps	Web frontend/interactivity
Type system	Statically typed	Dynamically typed
Compilation	Needs compilation	Runs in browser
UI Interaction	CLI (console)	HTML/DOM interaction
Language Complexity	More structured and strict	More flexible, event-driven

Comparison of Basic Programming Rules in C++ and Python

Here is a comparison of basic programming rules in C++ and Python, along with simple code examples to illustrate each concept:

🔹 1. Program Structure and Syntax

Concept	C++	Python
File extension	`.cpp`	`.py`
Compilation	Required (e.g., g++)	Interpreted
Semicolons	Required (`;`)	Not used
Braces `{}`	Used to define blocks	Indentation defines blocks

Example: Hello World

C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

Python

print("Hello, World!")

🔹 2. Variables and Data Types

C++	Python
Variables must be declared with a type	Dynamically typed
`int`, `float`, `char`, etc.	`int`, `float`, `str`, etc.

C++

int age = 25;
float weight = 70.5;
char grade = 'A';

Python

age = 25
weight = 70.5
grade = 'A'

🔹 3. Input/Output

C++	Python
Uses `cin` and `cout`	Uses `input()` and `print()`

C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int x;
    cout << "Enter a number: ";
    cin >> x;
    cout << "You entered: " << x << endl;
    return 0;
}

Python

x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", x)

🔹 4. Conditional Statements

C++

int x = 10;
if (x > 5) {
    cout << "x is greater than 5";
} else {
    cout << "x is 5 or less";
}

Python

x = 10
if x > 5:
    print("x is greater than 5")
else:
    print("x is 5 or less")

🔹 5. Loops

For loop

C++

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    cout << i << " ";
}

Python

for i in range(5):
    print(i, end=" ")

While loop

C++

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
    cout << i << " ";
    i++;
}

Python

i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i, end=" ")
    i += 1

🔹 6. Functions

C++

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

Python

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

🔹 7. Classes and Objects

C++

class Person {
public:
    string name;
    int age;
    
    void greet() {
        cout << "Hello, my name is " << name << endl;
    }
};

Python

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello, my name is", self.name)

Comparison of Main Operators: C++ vs. Python

ere's a concise comparison of the main operators in C++ and Python, focusing on syntax and behavior across key categories:

✅ 1. Arithmetic Operators

Operation	C++	Python	Notes
Addition	`a + b`	`a + b`	Same
Subtraction	`a - b`	`a - b`	Same
Multiplication	`a * b`	`a * b`	Same
Division	`a / b`	`a / b`	Python always returns float
Integer Division	`a / b`	`a // b`	C++ truncates if both ints
Modulus	`a % b`	`a % b`	Same
Power	`pow(a,b)`	`a ** b`	`pow()` exists in both too

✅ 2. Assignment Operators

Operation	C++	Python
Assignment	`a = b`	`a = b`
Add and assign	`a += b`	`a += b`
Subtract and assign	`a -= b`	`a -= b`
Multiply and assign	`a *= b`	`a *= b`
Divide and assign	`a /= b`	`a /= b`
Modulus and assign	`a %= b`	`a %= b`
Power and assign	`N/A`	`a **= b`

✅ 3. Comparison Operators

Operation	C++	Python	Notes
Equal	`a == b`	`a == b`	Same
Not equal	`a != b`	`a != b`	Same
Greater than	`a > b`	`a > b`	Same
Less than	`a < b`	`a < b`	Same
Greater or equal	`a >= b`	`a >= b`	Same
Less or equal	`a <= b`	`a <= b`	Same

✅ 4. Logical Operators

Operation	C++	Python	Notes
Logical AND	`&&`	`and`	Python uses words
Logical OR	`		`
Logical NOT	`!a`	`not a`

✅ 5. Bitwise Operators

Operation	C++	Python	Notes
AND	`a & b`	`a & b`	Same
OR	`a	b`	`a
XOR	`a ^ b`	`a ^ b`	Same
NOT	`~a`	`~a`	Same
Shift left	`a << b`	`a << b`	Same
Shift right	`a >> b`	`a >> b`	Same

✅ 6. Membership & Identity Operators (Only in Python)

Operator	Python only	Description
`in`	`x in y`	True if x is in y
`not in`	`x not in y`	True if x is not in y
`is`	`x is y`	True if x and y reference same obj
`is not`	`x is not y`	True if x and y reference different

✅ 7. Pointer and Memory Operators (Only in C++)

Operator	C++ only	Description
Address-of	`&a`	Returns memory address of `a`
Dereference	`*a`	Access value at pointer `a`
`new` / `delete`	Memory management	Manual memory control

✅ 8. Ternary Operator

C++	Python	Notes
`a ? b : c`	`b if a else c`	Python uses readable syntax

Comparison of Main Operators: C++ vs. JavaScript

Here's a clear comparison of the main operators in C++ vs. JavaScript, covering categories like arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logical, bitwise, and special operators.

🔢 Arithmetic Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
Addition	`+`	`+`	JS `+` also used for string concatenation
Subtraction	`-`	`-`
Multiplication	`*`	`*`
Division	`/`	`/`	In JS, division of integers can produce floats
Modulus	`%`	`%`
Exponentiation	—	`**`	JS only
Increment	`++`	`++`	Pre/post
Decrement	`--`	`--`	Pre/post

📝 Assignment Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
Assignment	`=`	`=`
Add & assign	`+=`	`+=`
Subtract & assign	`-=`	`-=`
Multiply & assign	`*=`	`*=`
Divide & assign	`/=`	`/=`
Modulo & assign	`%=`	`%=`
Exponent & assign	—	`**=`	JS only
Bitwise & assign	`&=`, etc.	`&=`, etc.	Both support

🔍 Comparison Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
Equal to	`==`	`==` (loose) / `===` (strict)	JS `===` also checks type
Not equal to	`!=`	`!=` (loose) / `!==` (strict)	Same as above
Greater than	`>`	`>`
Less than	`<`	`<`
Greater or equal	`>=`	`>=`
Less or equal	`<=`	`<=`

⚙️ Logical Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
AND	`&&`	`&&`	Short-circuit
OR	`\|\|`	`\|\|`	Short-circuit
NOT	`!`	`!`

🧠 Bitwise Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
AND	`&`	`&`
OR	`\|`	`\|`
XOR	`^`	`^`
NOT	`~`	`~`
Left Shift	`<<`	`<<`
Right Shift	`>>`	`>>` (arith) / `>>>` (logical)	JS adds logical shift `>>>`

🧪 Special Operators

Operation	C++	JavaScript	Notes
Ternary	`?:`	`?:`	Same syntax
Type checking	`typeid`, `dynamic_cast`	`typeof`, `instanceof`	Different mechanisms
Member access	`.` / `->`	`.` / `[]`	JS uses `[]` for dynamic keys
Scope resolution	`::`	—	C++ only
`new` operator	`new`	`new`	JS also uses `class` syntax
`delete` operator	`delete`	`delete`	In C++: memory; in JS: object property
Comma operator	`,`	`,`	Rarely used in JS
`sizeof`	`sizeof`	—	C++ only
Optional chaining	—	`?.`	JS only

Comparison of Main Operators: C++ vs. Python

Category	Operator	C++	Python
Assignment	Assignment	=	=
Arithmetic	Addition	+	+
	Subtraction	-	-
	Multiplication	*	*
	Division	/	/
	Integer Division	/ (but returns float)	//
	Modulo	%	%
	Exponentiation	pow(x, y) or <cmath>	**
Relational	Equal to	==	==
	Not equal to	!=	!=
	Greater than	>	>
	Less than	<	<
	Greater or equal	>=	>=
	Less or equal	<=	<=
Logical	AND	&&	and
	OR	`
	NOT	!	not
Bitwise	AND	&	&
	OR	`	`
	XOR	^	^
	NOT	~	~
	Shift Left	<<	<<
	Shift Right	>>	>>
Membership	In	N/A	in
	Not in	N/A	not in
Identity	Is / Is not	N/A	is, is not
Ternary	Conditional expression	cond ? a : b	a if cond else b
Increment/Decrement	++ / --	++x, x++, --x, x--	Not supported (use x += 1)

Computer Methods in Science Course

Friday, April 4, 2025

📌 1. Program Structure

C++ Example

HTML/JavaScript Example

📌 2. Variables and Data Types

C++ Example

JavaScript Example

📌 3. Conditionals

C++ Example

JavaScript Example

📌 4. Loops

C++ Example

JavaScript Example

📌 5. Functions

C++ Example

JavaScript Example

📌 6. User Interaction (Input/Output)

C++ Example (Console)

HTML/JavaScript Example (Web Page)

📌 7. Comments

C++ Example

JavaScript Example

Summary

🔹 1. Program Structure and Syntax

🔹 2. Variables and Data Types

🔹 3. Input/Output

🔹 4. Conditional Statements

🔹 5. Loops

🔹 6. Functions

🔹 7. Classes and Objects

✅ 1. Arithmetic Operators

✅ 2. Assignment Operators

✅ 3. Comparison Operators

✅ 4. Logical Operators

✅ 5. Bitwise Operators

✅ 6. Membership & Identity Operators (Only in Python)

✅ 7. Pointer and Memory Operators (Only in C++)

✅ 8. Ternary Operator

🔢 Arithmetic Operators

📝 Assignment Operators

🔍 Comparison Operators

⚙️ Logical Operators

🧠 Bitwise Operators

🧪 Special Operators